Observational Systems Discussion

The choice of the method of how different behaviors may be observed and categorized is considered to be one of the most difficult decisions that have to be made by a professional psychologist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Observational Systems Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Flanagan (2005) admits that such difficulty is caused because get used to think about human behavior as something continuous and seamless instead of consider it as a particular system of behavioral components. As a rule, observations have to be conducted in the early stages of an assessment process and remain to be informal in order to see how a child behaves in an ordinary environment without some disturbing factors (Weiner, Freedheim, Graham, 2003). Unfortunately, it is not always possible to choose the most appropriate and easiest methods of observations, this is why the psychologists try to consider their opportunities and knowledge and define the behavioral peculiarities before the observational process. Current discussion offers two examples of a behavior: one is conducive for continuous measurement (a child with ADHD that can be easily distracted and cannot focus on one task for a long period of time), and another is conducive for sampling procedures (several children attend a concert with a teacher and demonstrate different reactions before, during, and after the event). The first example is focused on a child, who suffers from ADHD and cannot meet the expectations of his parents and teachers. On the one hand, it is easy to involve a child in different activities within a short period of time and prove the urgency of the chosen activity.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, it is hard to explain how and why it is necessary to behave and follow the rules. To observe the peculiarities of the child’s behavior, it is necessary to become a participant in a class and avoid the cases of reactivity as the child should demonstrate his true intentions. If an observer comes for the first time, the child may be disturbed by this fact and does not show his true behavior and reactions. This is why it is necessary to get the child used to a person and his/her presence. As soon as the observer is a regular visitor, it is possible to record and analyze this kind of behavior. The second example deals with a group of children, who visit a concert with their teacher in order to get additional information and impression on a subject. As this group is the adolescent students, they can easily record their behavior independently and share their own emotions before, during, and after the event. The description of the event should take place at first to provide the psychologist with a solid background about the event and students’ expectations. Then, students may share the ir own thoughts and suggestions about the concert, its role in their educational process, and its overall effects. Such observational system may be regarded as unreliable as it is based on students’ emotions and attitudes only, still, it may be considerably improved if a psychologist uses another method (event-sampling observation) insensibly and visit the same concert anonymously in order to study the duration, frequency, and intensity of the behavior (Ostrov Hart, 2013). In this case, the chosen observational system will be effective and all-rounded. Students demonstrate different types of behavior: some of them follow attentively each piece of the concert, some of them are easily disturbed by a variety of surrounding factors, and some of them do not demonstrate any kind of emotion due to their neglect to the event. Their own records will serve as the best explanations of their behaviors. Reference List Flanagan, C. (2005). Research methods for AQA ‘A’ psychol ogy. Cheltenham, UK: Nelson Thornes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Observational Systems Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ostrov, J.M. Hart, E.J. (2013). Observational methods. In T.D. Little (Ed.) The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods, volume 1 (pp. 285-303). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Weiner, I.B., Freedheim, D.K., Graham, J.R. (2003). Handbook of psychology, assessment psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. This essay on Observational Systems Discussion was written and submitted by user Ayaan Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Governor Generals resignation essays

The Governor Generals resignation essays Dr Peter Hollingworth, the recently resigned Governor General of Australia and former Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane, was crucified by the media over a matter that did not affect his ability to act as a very efficient Governor General and consequently caused his resignation. There were two cases against him one he was accused of raping a women 37 years ago this was entirely uncorroborated, and the other was controversy over the decisions he made, dealing with a confessed pedophile in 1990. Through all of this we have to keep in mind Dr Peter Hollingworths immaculate record and life devoted to community service in the Anglican Church and Brotherhood of St Lawrence The rape alligation was made by a woman, Rosemarie Annie Jarmyn, from 37 years ago and consequently outside the stature of limits, and she was mentally unstable at the time of the accusation. Not long after the allegation she committed suicide at 56. The case against Dr Peter Hollingworth was discontinued. Dr Peter Hollingworth, as Brisbane Archbishop, was also under scrutiny over his handling of a case in 1990 where a priest who confessed to being a pedophile was allowed to continue to practice under some restrictions. There was a formal inquiry by the Anglican Church of Queensland into these allegations the results of which were released on May 1st this year. They found that his decision not to remove the priest in question were untenable. But we do need to take into account that it is hard to judge a decision made 13 years ago with a formal inquiry of today with todays attitudes. The decision Dr Peter Hollingworth made was then and the inquiry was now. If the media had not got so involved in this whole thing and started ripping into Peter Hollingworth then he would still be Governor General. For example take this article in the front page of the Age on May 26th titled Right decision at last but sadly, he still doesnt get it ...

A Reflective Paper On The Importance On Teamwork Nursing Essay

A Reflective Paper On The Importance On Teamwork Nursing Essay What is a team work? Team work can be defined as when actions of individuals are brought together for the purpose of a common goal. Each person in a team puts his efforts to achieve the objectives of large group. Teams make efforts to achieve the success but not necessarily the success is achieved every time. Within a team every member plays a role to achieve the team’s objectives. These roles add new and important dimensions to interactions of team members. Bruce Tuckman’s team development theory provides a way to tackle the tasks of making a team through the completion of the project. On the part of the team every member played an important role to achieve the success at the end of semester. â€Å"Our planning (or worrying about) what’s happening next gives us little opportunity or inclination to examine what has just passed† (Wallace, 2005). Writing from the angle of teacher student and team member relationships, it was appropriate to look then above q uote. I believe that many students in a team hesitate to step further for their next action during the proceeding of project. I need to be reflective in my action for the future performance in a team. â€Å"Groups of employees who have at least some collective tasks and where the team members are authorised to regulate mutually the execution of these collective tasks† (Delarue, 2003). â€Å"Group work is defined by a common task requiring interdependent work and successive or integrative action† (Hacker, 1998). Belbin (1981) developed a model on team roles which was extended in Belbin’s (1993) publication. On the basis of the Belbin’s model the team performance can be observed when a winning or losing task is set for the team. Each member with assigned role balances the team role in a group and strong representation of all roles is predicted with high performance. I have experienced the same the role of every member in my team. Belbin makes a difference b etween two terms team role and functional role. It is necessary for a team to keep the optimum balance both in functional roles and team roles. On the other hands the Tuckman’s theory describes the four stages of small group development as forming, storming, norming and performing. However a fifth stage of adjourning was added which involves the completion of tasks, termination of roles and dissolution of groups. Belbin’s theory is helpful to identify the different types of the teams; the characteristics define the work of the four categories. This model explains that during the team developments conflicts and interpersonal issues are found there and team development is dependent on the quality communication and relationship maturity with better performance. In traditional setting this model is useful for many practitioners and team leaders. According to this model all members work at the same place and are engaged in predefined work. This model works at the micro leve l of teams when new tasks are introduced and people involved have worked together not for long time.

International finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International finance - Essay Example Key estimating is focused around a recorded relationship and different financial variables and later focused on swapping scale, utilising relapse dissection, a settled measurable technique. many course readings portray the utilisation of the business sector based estimates inside the connection of efficient markets approach in which either present spot or future rates are the best indicators of tomorrows conversion standard (for an incredible examination see Eun and Resnick, pp. 149-150). This paper proposes undertaking obliging understudies to gauge the future estimation of an outside coin utilizing a central forecasting model. By the by, a standout amongst the most-disputable issues in the global money making concerns writing concerns the part and helpfulness of conventional financial essentials in clarifying conversion scale conduct. Meese and Rogoff (1983) inferred that monetary models could not beat a proficient markets theory. Goodman (1979) addressed the estimation of financial turned outside swapping scale-determining administrations. Levich (1982) assessed the exhibitions of 13 gagging administrations utilising the forward swapping scale as a benchmark. In a later study, Eun and Safherwal (2002) assessed the estimating exhibitions of 10 real business banks utilizing the spot conversion standard as a benchmark. In both studies, anticipating administrations overall neglected to beat business sector based rates. Albeit some of these administrations might not ha ve been giving estimates built singularly with respect to financial basics, this is a striking conclusion. Business area based standards are adequately accessible and cost less while anticipating administrations charge an expense. Major models, on the other hand, do have their supporters particularly as the gauge skyline stretches. It is contended that these estimates may be valuable under specific conditions and for particular corporate purposes. Gordon

Anger Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anger Management - Essay Example Difference in cultural beliefs have been for a long time termed out as a one of the great obstacles and cause of anger in education settings. This not only refers to different cultures among the students, but also between teachers and students. Multiculturalism is not only a barrier in learning outcomes, but also a barrier in trying to maintain sound relationships among students. A multicultural environment causes misunderstanding among the students and slows down the ability of learning compared to other schools(Regoli, Hewitt &Delisi 2014, p. 34). As a result, this hinders the students the ability of learning from the teachers’ point of view. This is because in a multicultural school it is always time consuming and difficult for the students understand what they are being taught due to anger from violence arousing from misunderstanding. In addition, this results in students and teachers losing confidence as well as patience. Literature review Researches indicate that actions of teachers in a multicultural school have more impact on the achievement of the students compared to community involvement, assessment plans, and staff collegiality (Schmidt 2003, p. 67). Additionally, in a multicultural school, a large part of actions of teachers involve anger management. Anger management in multicultural schools is critically essential for middle year students because there is a possibility of them experiencing declines in self-esteem and academic decline due to anger caused by misunderstanding.

Dickens Hard Times Essay Example for Free

Dickens Hard Times Essay â€Å"Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life.† (Dickens, 1854, p.1) With these beginning sentences of the novel â€Å"Hard Times†, Charles Dickens has made readers doubt whether it is true that facts alone are wanted in life. This question leads to the main theme of the story, fact against fancy, that author has never been written this kind of plot in his other stories before. In fact, Hard Times is considered as the unlike-the-rest of Dickens’ works (Collins, 1992, p. xi) because the plot is not involved the social problems in Victorian Age such as poverty or child labor, but it is an abstract that exalts instinct above reason. (Collins, 1992, p.xiii) Although it is not Dickensian, author still put his cliff-hanger characteristic on his work which makes the story enjoyable and worth reading for all-age-readers. Due to many interesting factors, this novel has been chosen to be the topic of this essay consisting of three parts that are the historical backgrounds, the facts about this novel and my critical reflections. To gain the comprehensive perspective of the story, we need to look back on historical backgrounds of the age that this novel took place which can be seen in three ways that are the economy, the social class and the education. Victorian Age is the period of economic progress that Industrial Revolution played important part in the British society. As a result, there were many factories located in town and it is imaginary described in a story that industrial Coketown is â€Å"where the piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness.† (Dickens, 1854, p.20). So, it shows that Hard Times is a realistic novel that author voiced a radically dissident attitude on Industrial Revolution in his story. (Lowy 2007 218) According to the growth of economy, there was the distinction found in social classes especially between labor and management (Cliffnote, n.d.) in this story that can be seen at Mr. Bounderby, a wealt hy manufacturer, considers himself as self-made man and later found that he is not, who is in upper class and has predominant power over Blackpool a hard working labor in Mr. Bounderby’s factory. However, the social class distinction is not raised as a serious problem in the story. Also, this economic progress has a great impact on the education system in which the schools are dominated with the Utilitarian spirit. From the plot, it shows that Dickens held a strong vision against the Utilitarianism, a theory that considers self-interest is maximum utility and denies on imagination (Diniejko, n.d.), that he ends the story with the tragic event caused by failure of the Utilitarian education system that teaches students only fact, but he oppositely admired hospitality of the Sleary’s circus that teaches the children with imagination. These are historical backgrounds that influenced the story and make it more understandable. As it is claimed at first that this novel is not like the other Dickens’ stories, it is contained some facts that makes the novel interesting which are its background, cliff-hanger plot and impressive critiques. Unlike Dickens’ usual shilling monthly numbers, Hard Times was a part in his two penny weekly edited magazine (Collin, 1992, p.xi), Household Words, which faced a shrinking circulation and falling profits (Enote editor, n.d.). Therefore, the story was written in form of serialization and finally titled Hard Times For These Times when it was gathered into fuller version. (Collin, 1992, p.xi) Although it is not a notably work, it has a Dickens’ famous cliff-hanger plot. The main theme is the conflict between fact and fancy in which Mr. Gradgrind teaches his students and his children to believe in fact, but the story turns out unexpected that two of his children have to live in misery; Louisa has a loveless marriage with Mr. Bounderby a friend of her father and a bank owner. Tom, Louisa’s brother, becomes a bank robber who almost cannot escape abroad. In order to help his son, Mr. Gradgrind eventually has to ask Sleary’s circus, who he never favour because they teaches children with imagination, for help and he comes to realize that his philosophy he has been teaching all along for his children is a failure. The story also contains many subplot stories such as an impossible love between Louisa and Mr. Harthouse, a secret life of Mr. Bounderby and a social class love. With his sharp and sarcastic writing skill, Hard Times receives impressive critiques from many admirers. The outstanding critique is one from Dr F. R. Leavis in 1948 that saysâ€Å"†¦ of all Dickens’ works the one that has all the strength of his genius, together with a strength no other of them can show—that of a completely serious work of art†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Collin, 1992, p.xii). These three facts of this novel even make it more astonishing. A good novel not only gives reader an appreciation but also provides some points that need to be analyzed through critical thinking process. So does the Hard Times, it is a valuable novel that I favor and have critical reflections on the Dickens’ satire, the well-rounded characters and the comparison on the different abstract ideas. I was hooked by this novel right from the first three sentences, claimed at the beginning of the essay, because it provokes readers’ brain to think until we find the answer that it is wrong to lean on facts alone in life and that is the first satire in a story. There is the using of repeated word to sarcastically equate the teacher and Mr. Gradgrind with the mechanic engine as shown â€Å"Fact, fact, fact!’ said the gentleman. And ‘Fact, fact, fact!’ repeated Thomas Gradgrind† (Dickens, 1854, p.6). Moreover, all the well-rounded characters are formed in satirist way. For example, there is the difference between Lou isa and Sissy which we see the development of these two characters. The first is Louisa who was born and raised in a wealthy family teaching her only facts are wanted in life, but she ends up living in mournful as it says â€Å"†¦any hoarded scrap of which, is a blessing and happiness to the wisest? Did Louisa see this? Such a thing was never to be.† (Dickens, 1854, p.283). On the other hand, the second is Sissy, was born in circus and taught her with imagination, who ends up living with happiness as it says â€Å"trying hard to know her humbler fellow-creatures, and to beautify their lives of machinery and reality with those imaginative graces and delights† (Dickens, 1854, p.283). Lastly, I am very appreciated with the comparison on the different abstract ideas especially one in this example; the different perspectives of horse that the student in Mr. Gradgrind’s school describes in scientific and arithmetic way as shown: â€Å"Quadruped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth, namely twenty-four grinders, four eye teeth, and twelve incisive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dickens, 1854, p.4), while the Sleary’s circus people describe it as beautiful imaginary way as shown: â€Å"The public house was the Pegasus’s Arms. The Pegasus’s legs might have been more to the purpose†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dickens, 1854, p.25). It can be interpreted that students see no abstract from object, they have blunted mind, while circus people, who live in Victorian Era the golden age of circus, have something that students do not have which are morality and hospitality. These are my critical reflections that makes Hard Times become one of my favorite novels. All of these are the historical backgrounds, the facts about this novel and my critical reflections for the Dickens’ Hard Times. It is a story of wrong philosophy that facts which are actually not the only needful thing in life. This novel gives readers the way to approach history of Victorian Age, also , an appreciation. And the most importantly, it persuades readers to live their lives happily with imagination and hospitality to everyone that will come into life. References Collins, Philip (1992). Introduction. Charles Dickens Hard Times(p. xi,xii,xiii). Berwick Street, London: The Millennium Library. Dickens, Charles (1854). Hard Times For These Times. Charles Dickens Hard Times(p. 1,4,6,20,25,283). Berwick Street, London: The Millennium Library. Diniejko, Dr Andrzej.Charles Dickens as Social Commentator and Critic. The Victorian Web: An Overview. Retrieved January 10, 2013, from http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/diniejko.html Hard Times Critical Essay by Charles Dickens. Study Guides, Lesson Plans, Homework Help, Answers More enotes.com. Retrieved January 10, 2013, from http://www.enotes.com/hard-times-essays/dickens-charles-hard-times-these-times Hard Times: Critical Essays: Dickens Philosophy and Style CliffsNotes . Get Homework Help with CliffsNotes Study Guides . Retrieved January 10, 2013, from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/literature/hard-times/critical-essays/dickens- philosophy-style.html Lowy, M. (2007). The Current of Critical Irrealism. A concise companion to realism(p. 218). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Lead Toxicity: Its Effects on Fetal and Infant Development Essay

Lead Toxicity: Its Effects on Fetal and Infant Development Lead toxicity has been an area of unending research in recent years. There have been positive and negative correlation’s relating its toxic effects to both child developmental deficiencies and adult regression problems. This review will focus on the problems associated with the children. It will discuss various routes of entry of lead into the child’s system, both prenatally and postnatally, the mechanisms employed by lead to cause the dysfunction’s, and some of the neurological deficits believed to be caused by the lead exposure. The development of a child begins in utero and continues following birth; thus both of these time frames must be examined as possible periods of lead intoxication. During development, the fetus is at the mercy of its mother. If the mother has high blood lead levels during pregnancy, the developing fetus will have the same. This is due to the lack of a transplacental barrier to lead. Thus, the maternal levels are consistently equal to fetal levels throughout pregnancy. The mode of transport is not clearly understood. However, it has been suggested that it is a matter of simple diffusion for several reasons (1). First, is the close quantitative relationship between maternal and fetal blood lead levels. Second, is the experimentally modeled linear relationship between the transfer of lead from the mother to the fetus and the umbilical blood flow rate. An increase in blood flow rate coupled with the increased surface area of the placental barrier, 2 m2 to 11 m2, over the gestational peri od increases the transplacental diffusion (1). With this direct correlation in mind, it then becomes important to discuss possible sources of increased mater... ...991; 13: 203-211. 4.Bressler, J. P. and Goldstein, G.W. "Mechanisms of Lead Toxicity." Biochemical Pharmacology. 1991; 41: 479-84. 5. Dietrich, K. N. "Human Fetal Lead Exposure: Intrauterine Growth, Maturation, and Postnatal Neurobehavioral Development." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 1991; 16: 17-19. 6. Bellinger, D., Leviton, A., and Sloman, J. "Antecedents and Correlates of Improved Cognitive Performance in Children Exposed in Utero to Low Levels of Lead." Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990; 89: 5-11. 7. Bhattacharya, A., Shukla, R., Bornschein, R. L., et.al. "Lead Effects on Postural Balance of Children." Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990; 89: 35-42. 8. Ernhart, C. B. and Greene, T. "Low-Level Lead Exposure in the Prenatal and Early Preschool Periods: Language Development." Archives of Environmental Health. 1990; 45: 342-354. Lead Toxicity: Its Effects on Fetal and Infant Development Essay Lead Toxicity: Its Effects on Fetal and Infant Development Lead toxicity has been an area of unending research in recent years. There have been positive and negative correlation’s relating its toxic effects to both child developmental deficiencies and adult regression problems. This review will focus on the problems associated with the children. It will discuss various routes of entry of lead into the child’s system, both prenatally and postnatally, the mechanisms employed by lead to cause the dysfunction’s, and some of the neurological deficits believed to be caused by the lead exposure. The development of a child begins in utero and continues following birth; thus both of these time frames must be examined as possible periods of lead intoxication. During development, the fetus is at the mercy of its mother. If the mother has high blood lead levels during pregnancy, the developing fetus will have the same. This is due to the lack of a transplacental barrier to lead. Thus, the maternal levels are consistently equal to fetal levels throughout pregnancy. The mode of transport is not clearly understood. However, it has been suggested that it is a matter of simple diffusion for several reasons (1). First, is the close quantitative relationship between maternal and fetal blood lead levels. Second, is the experimentally modeled linear relationship between the transfer of lead from the mother to the fetus and the umbilical blood flow rate. An increase in blood flow rate coupled with the increased surface area of the placental barrier, 2 m2 to 11 m2, over the gestational peri od increases the transplacental diffusion (1). With this direct correlation in mind, it then becomes important to discuss possible sources of increased mater... ...991; 13: 203-211. 4.Bressler, J. P. and Goldstein, G.W. "Mechanisms of Lead Toxicity." Biochemical Pharmacology. 1991; 41: 479-84. 5. Dietrich, K. N. "Human Fetal Lead Exposure: Intrauterine Growth, Maturation, and Postnatal Neurobehavioral Development." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 1991; 16: 17-19. 6. Bellinger, D., Leviton, A., and Sloman, J. "Antecedents and Correlates of Improved Cognitive Performance in Children Exposed in Utero to Low Levels of Lead." Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990; 89: 5-11. 7. Bhattacharya, A., Shukla, R., Bornschein, R. L., et.al. "Lead Effects on Postural Balance of Children." Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990; 89: 35-42. 8. Ernhart, C. B. and Greene, T. "Low-Level Lead Exposure in the Prenatal and Early Preschool Periods: Language Development." Archives of Environmental Health. 1990; 45: 342-354.

Full Metal Jacket vs the Things They Carried Essay

I’m going to show you a short clip from the movie â€Å"Full Metal Jacket† directed by Stanley Kubart, the guy Mr. MacBride’s brother mentioned yesterday in the LMC. In this scene, this group of American soldiers finally found and wounded the sniper that had already killed 3 of their men. One of which is Joker’s, the protagonist’s, best friend, Cowboy. In the scene we just watched, the sniper was wounded, and Baldwin wanted to leave the sniper to rot, but Joker kills her instead. This leads the audience wonder: â€Å"Did Joker kill her because he wanted to end her misery, or did he kill her out of frustration and as way of revenge for his friend, Cowboy?† The significance isn’t in the answer, but in the question itself. The fact that this movie makes you doubt Joker’s motives shows that this is a true war story. There is no moral in Full Metal Jacket. There are no good guys and bad guys, and there isn’t a clear line drawn between justice and evil. You don’t feel hatred towards the Viet Cong sniper, and you don’t have undying support the American soldiers. It’s different from all the other clichà ©, patriotic war movies. Like Tim O’Brien writes â€Å"A true war story is never moral. It does not instruct, nor encourage virtue, nor suggest models of proper human behavior, nor restrain men from doing the things men have always done. If a story seems moral, do not believe it. If at the end of a war story you feel uplifted, or if you feel that some small bit of rectitude has been salvaged from the larger waste, then you have been made the victim of a very old and terrible lie.† No one would argue what Joker did was a â€Å"model of proper human behavior†, because no one knows if he killed the sniper out of sympathy or to fulfill his lust for vengeance. Baldwin wanted to do what â€Å"men have always done†; he wanted to let the sniper feel the amount of pain and sorrow he feels; he wanted her to die a slow, painful death, he wanted revenge. The ending doesn’t uplift you, and the situation the soldiers were in allowed no rectitude. All these factors integrated create a masterpiece to what O’Brien would proudly consider as a true war story. The Things They Carried is ironic in a way that it tells you how to tell a true war story, but the novel itself is a work of fiction. However, this doesn’t mean the stories themselves aren’t realistic; they are, as O’Brien would say, the story truth. Sometimes the story truth is truer than the happening truth, because it makes things feel present. Reading this book makes the reader feel confused, and even cheated, because by creating a â€Å"fictional† protagonist called Tim O’Brien, a soldier who fought in the Vietnam War, the author, Tim O’Brien, a Vietnam war veteran, is luring us into believing that these stories are true. By treating this work as a work of non-fiction, the reader sympathizes for the soldiers, and forms an emotional connection with the characters. In the chapter, â€Å"Good Form†, O’Brien tells you everything is made up. We, as readers, experience a sudden psychological change, and this change mirrors the psychological change the soldiers of the war experienced. We view the stories differently now, and the soldiers were forced to view life and death differently. Notice in â€Å"The Lives of the Dead†, everyone in O’Brien’s platoon shook hands with the dead Vietnam soldier, gave him a can of orange slices, and talked to him. In order to cope with the brutality of the war, these guys had to reanimate the dead. They had to see and treat him as if he was still alive to relieve their guilty conscience of murder. After we realize these tales are just tales, we readers are forced view these stories through a different lens, and those boys who went to war had to see the war through the lens of soldier. Much like how Lieutenant Jimmy Cross was trained not to see his men as individuals, but rather as interchangeable units of command. O’Brien’s intentional setup allows the reader to experience to a certain degree how the soldiers felt entering the war. If he just told us real stories, the happening truths, we would still empathize with them, but we wouldn’t truly understand. This is why the story truth is sometimes truer, and more expressive than the happening truth. The Things They Carried is truly a great form of art, not only because of its stylistic language, but because it abandons tradition and blurs the line between fiction and non-fiction, creating brand new possibilities in the world of literature.

A Study of the Conversion Options for the Bataan

Introduction Between 1993 and 1995, M. E. T. T. S. undertook a study of the options for converting the Bataan Nuclear Power Station to fossil fuel (coal or natural gas) combustion. One aim of the study was to find another market for Philippine and Australian coal or natural gas (LNG). The essential question regarding the Bataan Reactor is: how to obtain a financial return from a very expensive power station that * has never produced electricity; * is costing the Philippinec State a sizeable sum in interest; and * has environmental, safety and social concerns over its use as a nuclear power station.The retrofitting of the turbine generator with a fossil fuel fired steam raising system was suggested as a means of utilising part of the plant, and obtaining some return for past and future expenditure. The report/proposal examined some options for fossil fuel firing, and compared those options with nuclear operation. Background The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant was completed in 1984, whilst construction commenced in 1976. It is a Westinghouse light water reactor, that uses pressurised water as it heat exchange medium between the reactor and the steam generators.Its design thermal capacity is 1876MW(t), whilst its rated power output is 621MW(e)1. The technology that is incorporated into the plant is essentially early seventies, but has been modified to incorporate more recent safety devices, such as those recommended by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, after evaluation of the Three Mile Island incident. The plant, which was in the process of commissioning at the time of the EDSA revolution, has not been fired, although nuclear fuel was delivered to it storage facilities.Maintenance has continued, with the integrity of the plant and ancillaries being ensured. Conclusion of Study The Philippine Government has previously stated that the Philippines will have nuclear power, but that power will come from new plant and not the Bataan reactor. President Ramos announced on the 8th October 1994 that the Reactor would be converted to a 1000MW combined cycle gas plant. (Although an announcement for a specific conversion scheme has been made, it is still considered that there is time for other options to be considered. )We found that conversion is technically possible, but economically unwise. New and dedicated coal or natural gas fired power plants would give much higher efficiencies, and thus would give the Philippines much better value per peso spent on fuel consumed. The M. E. T. T. S. ‘s study concluded that the only way of obtaining a reasonable return from the Bataan ‘machine' is to use it as a nuclear power plant. Our report specifically came to the following conclusions: * That the use of the present ‘nuclear' turbine/generator in a fossil fired system would be highly wasteful of energy (fuel), A new pulverised coal power station and/or combined cycle natural gas power stations at other site(s), would be a better investment in terms of fuel efficiency and levellised power costs, * The Bataan site is inappropriate for coal fired plant, due to environmental constraints and materials (coal and ash) handling problems, * More assessable sites could be found for combined cycle natural gas fired plants around Manila Bay, and Batangas, * The Bataan reactor has been maintained in a good condition since mothballing, and The reactor is of basically sound design and construction, and could with modest expenditure become one of the most modern and safest light water reactors in East Asia. To fire the plant as a nuclear facility, the sea water intakes to the condensers would need to be cleaned (with some equipment being replaced), some of the reactor monitoring systems would need to be further upgraded, whilst the second power transmission system would need to be reconstructed. Staff would need to be retrained and re-licenced.A description of the study is presented in the attached article by Clarke, Ebeling and Cordero . The article was presenred at The First Philippine International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management, Manila, January 1995. Options for the Conversion of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant to Fossil Fuel Firing Dr. Michael C. Clarke, Director, M. E. T. T. S. Pty. Ltd. , Sydney, Australia Mr. Douglas R. Ebeling, Associate, M. E. T. T. S. Pty. Ltd. , Sydney, Australia Eng. Donato L. Cordero, Engineering Manager, Bataan Nuclear Power Plant The following Executive Summary of a major report formed the basis of a paper presented at the 1st Philippine Conference on Energy Efficiency and Demand-side Management, Manila, January 1995. ) Capital costs and power generation costs are summarised in Table 1, for one coal conversion option, and the conversion of the plant to natural gas fired, combined cycle operation. For comparison purposes figures are also presented for the refurbishment, commissioning and running the plant as a nuclear power station. Electricity costs from n uclear operation are considerably cheaper than for ither the two conversion options. If power costs was the only criteria for operating the plant then nuclear firing would clearly win. Both coal and natural gas conversions will have environmental consequences for the region. By the installation of best available technology and the application of best available practice, the impact will be minimised. The cost of technology and practice however will increase the cost of electricity produced by the plant. Table 1. SUMMARY TABLE, FOSSIL FUEL CONVERSION OPTIONS, BNPP – Revision, March 1995 CONVERSION TO COALCONVERSION TO N.GASNUCLEAR COMPARISON POWER OUTPUT MW(e)8001700 620 ENERGY OUTPUT GWH5,600 (With FGD – 5400)12,2004,613 CAPITAL COST $USm750 (With FGD – 1070)1385380 (UPGRADE) Electricity Cost ? US/kWH4. 82 (With FGD – 5. 94) 5. 24, 4. 34 (FP $230/170)3. 50 Electricity Cost P/kWH1. 21 (With FGD – 1. 49)1. 31, 1. 09 (FP $230/170)0. 88 CAP. COST/POWER OUT0. 94 (With FGD – 1. 34)0. 810. 61 CONSTRUCTION TIME42 MONTHS4218. 24 FGD Flue Gas Desulphurisation (+ Selective Catalytic Reduction) FP Fuel Price, Natural Gas ($US230 /tonne for LNG, $US170 /tonne piped gas) – (Coal $US 55 / tonne) Notes on Table 1For comparison purposes, the two fossil fuel conversion options and the nuclear comparison have each had the electricity cost based on a pay-back period of twenty years. In each case (for the table) it has been assumed that the full capital cost has been borrowed. When financing packages are being considered, different pay-back periods are likely to be used. The periods are likely to increase with increasing debt. With the natural gas conversion option, an equity contribution would probably be included, since a BOT financing scheme may be used, that ties gas production, reticulation and use into one commercial package.The electricity costs for coal and natural gas conversion are based on a reasonably optimistic scenarios , where no excessive ancillary capital works are charged against the plant. If environmental or other factors require such works, then increase in the electricity cost would occur. It is further considered that the plant required for conversion would be sourced from low cost countries; China, India, Australia, the Philippines etc, as far as possible. The costings for conversion are further premised on the use of the site allocated for construction of PNPP 2, in that it is supplied at no cost, and is geologically stable.If the time required for the construction and commissioning is crucial, then the upgrading of the plant as a nuclear station is clearly the preferred choice. Further, the financial analyses indicate that the nuclear firing of the plant offers the cheapest electricity. Given that the nuclear fuel price is likely to remain stable over the foreseeable future (as against likely rises for coal and natural gas), the nuclear upgrading# and operation offers greater financial certainty to investors. # M. E. T. T. S. ‘s estimate for upgrading the nuclear plant to 1997/8 standards is $US380m.It is backed by further external assessment, and includes new safety features. $US300m is the cost of a basic upgrading based on calculations carried out by the National Power Corporation. SUMMARY – COAL FIRING The conversion of the PNPP I plant to coal firing has some advantages. Coal technology is well proven, and only a small variation in the normal use of that technology is required to convert the plant. The power station will have a capacity similar to the design capacity for the nuclear plant, and will not be the largest plant in the new echelon of Luzon's power facilities.The plant of 800 MW(e) capacity will be relatively inexpensive at a capital cost of $US505m – without Flue Gas Desulphurisation, Selective Catalytic Reduction, or excessive expenditure on coal or ash handling and ignoring the previous expenditure on the nuclear system. A con struction and commissioning period of 42 months is envisaged. The coal option however offers unique co-economic opportunities. The ash waste product would be valuable if used in ancillary industry. By using the Lahar produced by the Pinatubo eruption as an aggregate, with the ash, iron oxide and cement, valuable building materials could be produced.The disadvantages include designing and fitting an environmentally acceptable coal fired power station into the Bataan region. The materials handling alone will create many environmental, management and operational difficulties. The infrastructure requirements for materials handling will also raise engineering and environmental questions that will need to be solved before construction begins. Other environmental questions concerning emission reduction and control must also be answered before work can commence.Another major disadvantage is the requirement for premium fuel, that is expensive in 1994, and in all probability will become relat ively more expensive as the demand for ‘clean' coal increases in the future. SUMMARY – NATURAL GAS FIRING (COMBINED CYCLE, GAS TURBINE) Natural gas provides the cleanest option for the conversion of the Bataan power station to fossil fuel firing. It further offers the most flexible power output to the grid. Options exist for running a part (or whole) of the plant as a single cycle peak load provider, or running the whole plant as a base load facility.The environmental hazard that would be created by such a plant is low compared to coal. Thermal pollution to the sea would be greater than the nuclear option, in that if a 1700MW(e) plant was built with 46% efficiency, the waste heat would be 2000MW(t). This heat would be partially dissipated into the atmosphere (250MW) as against to the sea (1750MW). The additional heat discharge to the sea would be about 500MW(t). NOx emissions can be successfully controlled by modern technology.Steam or water injection, ammonia addition or innovative combustion designs will produce acceptable (but not zero) NOx emissions. At 1700MW(e), the power station would be the largest in the Philippines, and would certainly require a review of the Luzon energy plan. The total consumption of natural gas over a twenty five year period would be 2. 5 TCF; over half the entire Philippine projected resource from Palawan. Over a billion dollars in capital would be needed to build the plant, plus an additional substantial sum to supply the fuel; either as LNG or pipeline gas.The security of a large gas holding area would need to be addressed. Such a holding area and power station would make a relatively easy target when compared to a coal fired plant with coal yards or nuclear facilities. The installation of the gas turbines could be achieved in eighteen months, but the construction of the steam generators and carrying out modifications to the existing plant would take a further twenty four months. From the preliminary financial anal ysis, the construction of a new combined cycle power station makes better financial sense. A NUCLEAR COMPARISONUnder the four headings (Technology, The Environment, Social and Political Concerns, and Economy) that were used to examine the coal-conversion option, a brief summary has been made of the nuclear option for comparison purposes. Technology Light water reactors are a very common type of nuclear reactor. They have good safety records, and most have high capacity factors. There development has been continuous, with technology now being available from Japan, Korea, France, the United Kingdom as well as the United States. They are used in close proximity to the Philippines (Japan, Korea and Taiwan) and have been armarked for use in Indonesia and Malaysia. The Bataan unit is 1970/80's technology. It is however essentially the same as new units, and could be readily upgraded to 1990's standards. The Environment The reactor will produce thermal pollution (waste heat) that will be d isposed of, off Napot Point to the South China Sea. An environmental impact assessment cleared the plant for its designed heat disposal, and found that localised heating of the sea would not be excessive, given the strong currents that would ensure dispersion of the hot water.No other polluting emissions could be expected from the nuclear power plant. (Accidental emissions of radioactive material, are most unlikely. Once the plant was upgraded to 1997 standards, one accident in a million years could be expected. ) Social and Political Concerns The perceived problems at the Bataan power plant are its greatest liability. These problems include seismic instability, claims of faulty workmanship and the lack of experience of the operators. Many geological and seismic inspections have been carried out on the site, with the result being that no significant risk is apparent.To convince Philippine Society of the seismic safety of the plant, an educational programme would need to be carried o ut that emphasised the sites stability, and the high seismic safety factor of the plant (0. 4g). Part of the process of refurbishment and upgrading, would be quality assurance on all systems and components of the plant. Modern QA techniques would need to be used to provide the certainty that all significant parts of the plant meet the highest safety and operational standards. Initially foreign experts would be needed to run the plant. The retraining ofPhilippine staff would take considerable time and money, with the retrained staff spending a number of years assisting in operating similar plants in neighbouring countries. Economics By comparison with the costs of conversion to coal or natural gas, the refurbishment and upgrading of the plant for nuclear operation would be significantly cheaper. A maximum price of $US300m (including staff training) is a fair limit, compared to fossil fuel conversion alternatives. The nuclear option should have the shortest lag time in terms of upgrad ing and commissioning.If foreign staff were used to initially man the plant then a period of eighteen to twenty months would be needed for full operation. This relatively short period, may be valuable in that the some of the expensive, old or temporary oil fired power plant could be retired early. Fuel costs, plus operation and management costs for LWRs should cost no more than ? US 2/kWH (0. 54 Centavos/kWH). If the interest on the $US 300m was 12%, with a pay-back period of twenty years for the capital, then a further 0. 9? US/kWH would be added to the power cost.The total power cost would be 2. 9? US/kWH (0. 78 Centavos/kWH). If consideration was given to running the Bataan power station as a nuclear plant, then the environmental and economic benefits (as well as safety) should be emphasised, to overcome social and political opposition. THE PHILIPPINES AND THE NUCLEAR CYCLE The Philippines would be an importer of nuclear fuel and an exporter of spent fuel. The fuel that the react or would use would be lightly enriched. As the uranium 235 is consumed, some plutonium is formed, part of which is also used up as fuel.The spent fuel rods contain a depleted amount of uranium 235, a little plutonium but mostly non-fissile uranium 238. These fuel rods can be reused in heavy water type reactors (CANDU) that are running in Japan, Korea and Taiwan, as primary fuel. All the wastes would be processed by those countries, whilst the Philippines would receive a financial return for its used nuclear fuel. This is a win-win situation. The sale of the used fuel rods could bring the net production cost of electricity (fuel plus operations and management) to under ? US 1. 5/kWH. PLANT SECURITY AND THE NUCLEAR OPTIONUnfortunately there is an ongoing insurgency situation in the Philippines. The insurgency problems are no longer major, and in all probability will recede. All major plant however does need a security system. The Bataan plant was constructed with good external, perime ter and internal security systems. There are commonly perceived notions that Nuclear Plants are susceptible to terrorist attack. These notions are based on a lack of understanding of the compact nature of nuclear plants, and the presence of very considerable containment structures for the reactor and fuel stores – especially American designed LWRs.The plant is easy to guard, and would be able to resist attack with light weapons, including rocket propelled grenades etc. The damage from such an attack would be limited to the knocking out of ancillary plant and structures, including the transformer yard, the auxiliary fuel tanks and administration building. Notes 1. The above power cost figures are based on 1997 projected fuel prices, 12% interest, 85% availability, and 20 years amortisation.. The price of coal and natural gas are considered to be more liable for major increases, than nuclear fuel.The Asian demand for both coal and gas is expected to outstrip supply in the comin g decade. 2. The estimated construction time includes planning and design, equipment construction, site modification, plant erection and commissioning, and staff training (coal and natural gas conversion). If major ancillary works are required (eg. major wharves, ash and coal pipelines, shipping channels etc), then both an increase in the construction time and costs could be expected.

Hate Crimes essay

Hate Crimes essay Hate Crimes essay Hate Crimes essayThe terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have led to the considerable increase in the rate of hate crimes against Muslims in the United States. In the first year after the September 11 attacks, the percentage of anti-Islamic hate crimes in the United States rose up to 1,000%. The statistical data on hate crimes against Muslims living in the United States helps to reveal real causes of these practices in order to â€Å"allow law enforcement to accurately prosecute hate crimes on behalf of the community† (American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, 2012). Post-9/11 anti-Muslim and anti-Arab backlash and discrimination affected local and global communities to a great extent. For example, employment discrimination, bullying in schools, insults and other forms of backlash make Arab Americans feel unprotected in the United States (Korgen Furst, 2012). According to recent report, â€Å"the effect on Arab Americans has been so dramatic, that a recent study shows that discrimination and prejudice against Arab-Americans leads to measurable psychological distress and reduced levels of self-esteem and environmental mastery† (American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, 2012). At the same time, hate crimes relate to fear, frustration and/or ignorance because many Americans have negative views toward Arab Americans, and foster stereotyping and prejudice. Some individuals and groups believe that violence directed at Muslims, as a form of revenge, is acceptable more than a decade after 9/11 because of continuous hate toward terrorists. The creation of the anti-Muslim movement is based on two key tactics, which influence the lives of Arab Americans. First, many people consider that the actions of the most radical Muslims are focused on interpreting the Koran, while peaceful Muslims do not follow this way. Second, many people believe that individuals and organizations who promote the representation of â€Å"moderate Islam† in the U.S. a re secret agents operatives in the Muslim plan aimed at destroying the West (Steinback, 2011). Thus, the issue about hate crimes should be addressed in a proper way. Effective solutions should be found to prevent social harm inflicted by hate crimes.

Markeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Markeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee - Essay Example Another way to differentiate products is by offering different levels of a product. Because everyone does not have the same disposable income, it may be difficult for everyone to be able to afford a certain product of high quality. For this reason, a like product can be substituted for high quality good but at a lower price. For me, I do not necessarily need the latest product available, so if there is something that fills a need and I can get it cheaper then I would go with that. One brand that excels on differentiation is Apple, whose iPhones have different plans and prices depending on the package that is chosen and also the iPhone number. When a new iPhone comes out, I do not have to go for the latest one because I am satisfied with my current one. Work Cited Thompson, Althea. â€Å"Competitive Strategies for Wal-Mart.† 2012. eHow. 28 October 2012 . Marketing Debate p. 378 Product and service marketing are highly related because the same basic principles still apply in mos t cases. In both forms of marketing, the attention of the customer still has to be caught and some sort of value has to be on offer to convince a consumer to part with their money. If a customer does not understand how a product or service benefits or can be useful in some way, then any type of marketing will fail. It is up to marketers to identify target markets and then come up with strategies to reach those target groups; this is true for both product marketing and service marketing. Where it is perhaps different is that in service marketing the customer cannot view the service that they want to buy. This is why service marketing needs to involve some sort of demonstration of the product. Very often services that are to be offered are shown to the consumer so that they feel convinced to of the benefit of it. In television marketing services are usually shown with a random member of the public so that consumers can see the service in action. On the other hand, in product marketing the marketer only needs to explain the benefits of the product because the customer can witness the product for themselves. Additional information may need to be provided to assure the customer that they are receiving a high quality product, but generally they can make a decision for themselves based on their feelings.    Marketing Discussion p. 410 As a consumer, I would prefer perceived-value pricing because I would want to get the best bang for my buck. I only have limited funds so I want to try and stretch my finances as far as it will go. This means that I have to be picky when it comes to purchasing a product and only get what I need, not what I would like. Whenever I am making a purchasing decision, the value of a product is very important to me because I want to receive something in return for parting with some cash. Although I often don’t have a lot of disposable income, I would rather pay a little more and get a high-quality product than pay a cheaper price for a piece of crap. Durability is major factor in my purchasing decision making because I want a product to last and not have to replace it within a short time. I would prefer a firm to employ slightly higher prices for most of the year and then offer discounts on occasion. This is because I am the type of shopper who likes to go and check out all the specials when they are on and

In the The Cruciblediscuss the change that occur with the character oh Essay

In the The Cruciblediscuss the change that occur with the character oh Jonh Hale and Elizabeth Proctor - Essay Example Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible by focusing on how the characters, John Hale and Elizabeth Proctor changed in the course of the play, and how that change brought both positive as well as negative feelings in them. John Hale is the young minister who is known for his knowledge on witchcraft. â€Å"..a tight-skinned, eager-eyed intellectual†¦called here to ascertain witchcraft he has felt the pride of the specialist whose unique knowledge has at last been publicly called for† (Miller). Hale enters the play when Reverend Parris asks him to examine the mysterious behavior of his daughter, Betty. In the initial stages of the play, he is the person who sets the witch trials into motion, investigating and finding out who are the culprits and asking them to confess or testify. But, in the course of the play, his drive to convict the accused supposedly involved in witchcrafts slows downs, as many hidden truths and the role of other persons comes into open. That is, when he listens to John Proctor and Mary Warren, he understands that Abigail was not telling the truths, including the reasons behind the children’s death. This creates a feeling in him that he might have trusted the wron g individuals. Also, when Rebecca was arrested and Proctor’s wife, Elizabeth was issued warrant for their involvement in witchcraft, Hale felt that he did not identified the true culprits. So, these events raises questions in his mind, whether he is right in going after the people involved in witchcraft, when so much deceits and false uttering is going on. So, in the climactic stages of the play, Hale belief in witchcraft weakens and in the court, he becomes the supporter of those, who are opposing the witch trials. So, John Hale changes from a dominant â€Å"witch-hunter† to a person, who losses control of the proceedings, undergoing both positive and negative feelings. Elizabeth Proctor, wife of John Proctor, is another main character who undergoes changes in the course of the play.